Using EXPLAIN and Execution Plans in SQL

Understanding how SQL queries are executed by the database engine is essential for optimizing query performance. One of the most useful tools for this purpose is the EXPLAIN statement, which shows the execution plan of a query. By analyzing the execution plan, you can identify performance bottlenecks and make changes to improve query efficiency. This article explores how to use EXPLAIN and execution plans in SQL.

What is an Execution Plan?

An execution plan is a detailed roadmap of how a SQL query will be executed. It outlines the steps the database will take to retrieve the requested data, such as how tables are joined, which indexes are used, and the order of operations. By understanding the execution plan, you can optimize queries and troubleshoot performance issues.

Using EXPLAIN to View the Execution Plan

The EXPLAIN statement is used to display the execution plan for a query. When you prepend EXPLAIN to a SQL query, the database returns an execution plan that provides insight into how the query will be processed.

Syntax:

        EXPLAIN SELECT column1, column2 FROM table WHERE condition;
    

The output of the EXPLAIN statement will include various columns, each representing different aspects of the query's execution. The specific columns may vary slightly depending on the database system (e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL, or SQL Server), but some common ones include:

• id: The ID of the query operation, which helps to identify the query's stages.
• select_type: The type of query (e.g., SIMPLE, PRIMARY, SUBQUERY).
• table: The table being accessed or operated on.
• type: The type of join or access method used (e.g., ALL, INDEX, RANGE, REF).
• key: The index used for the query operation, if applicable.
• rows: The estimated number of rows that will be scanned for this operation.
• Extra: Additional information, such as whether filesort or temporary tables are used.

Example 1: Basic Usage of EXPLAIN

Let's look at an example of how to use EXPLAIN to analyze a simple SELECT query.

Query:

        SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees WHERE department_id = 5;
    

EXPLAIN output:

        EXPLAIN SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees WHERE department_id = 5;
    

The output might look like this:

        id  select_type  table      type    key       rows  Extra
        1   SIMPLE      employees  ref     idx_dept  100   Using where
    

In this case, the EXPLAIN output shows that:

• The query is using a ref join type, which indicates an indexed lookup on the department_id column.
• The idx_dept index is being used, which is likely an index on the department_id column.
• Approximately 100 rows are being scanned to find the matching records.
• The Extra column indicates that the database is applying a WHERE condition after scanning the rows.

Example 2: Analyzing a Query with Multiple Joins

In more complex queries, such as those involving multiple joins, the EXPLAIN output provides even more valuable insights. Let’s take a look at a query with a join:

Query:

        SELECT e.first_name, e.last_name, d.department_name
        FROM employees e
        JOIN departments d ON e.department_id = d.department_id
        WHERE d.department_name = 'HR';
    

EXPLAIN output:

        EXPLAIN SELECT e.first_name, e.last_name, d.department_name
        FROM employees e
        JOIN departments d ON e.department_id = d.department_id
        WHERE d.department_name = 'HR';
    

        id  select_type  table      type    key       rows  Extra
        1   SIMPLE      e           ref     idx_dept  50    Using where
        1   SIMPLE      d           eq_ref  PRIMARY  1     Using index
    

The EXPLAIN output reveals the following:

• The employees table is accessed using a ref join type with the idx_dept index.
• The departments table is accessed using an eq_ref join type, which means it uses a primary key lookup to join with the employees table.
• Only one row from the departments table is being examined due to the PRIMARY key on the department_id column.
• The Extra column indicates that the Using where filter is applied after fetching the rows from the employees table.

Understanding Execution Plan Optimization

Once you have analyzed the execution plan using EXPLAIN, you can take steps to optimize the query. Here are some common optimizations based on execution plan analysis:

• Index Usage: If the query does not use an index, consider creating one on the columns that are frequently used in WHERE, JOIN, or ORDER BY clauses.
• Join Types: If the execution plan shows inefficient join types (e.g., ALL or SCAN), consider rewriting the query or adding indexes to improve performance.
• Reducing Rows Scanned: If the query scans a large number of rows, try to reduce the number of rows processed by filtering earlier with more selective WHERE clauses.
• Avoiding Temporary Tables: The Extra column may show whether temporary tables are being used. If temporary tables are involved, try to refactor the query to avoid their creation.

Conclusion

Using EXPLAIN and analyzing the execution plan of your SQL queries is a powerful way to understand how the database engine processes your queries and identify potential performance bottlenecks. By examining the query plan, you can optimize your queries by adding indexes, adjusting join types, and making other optimizations that improve performance. Understanding execution plans is a crucial skill for any database administrator or developer looking to write efficient SQL queries.